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Adhesive, more commonly referred to as glue, is any one of multiple substances which, when applied to two surfaces, will bond or seal them and resist separation pressure.
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There are two broad categories of glue – natural and artificial. Most modern adhesives are artificial but glue of various kinds has been used for hundreds of years. Synthetic adhesives have plenty of advantages over natural adhesives, including consistency, bond strength, and adaptability.
Modern adhesive is made from a variety of carefully engineered chemical substances. Adhesives are characteristically organised by adhesion methods. These are then further separated to define reactive and non-reactive adhesives, referring to if the adhesive undergoes a chemical reaction to harden. Common types of adhesives include epoxy, silicone, and acrylic.
Although typically associated with repairs when used in a domestic setting, adhesive technology is widely used in manufacturing and construction to bind components and parts together.
The use of adhesives also extends beyond binding. As sealants, they are used to form a protective coating across cavities and porous surfaces in engineering. When this cures (hardens), it reinforces delicate components, protecting them from air and liquid to prevent damage from rust, contaminants, and corrosion. Silicone is a common ingredient of sealants.
Modern adhesives fall into three broad categories. Let’s take a look:
Solvent-Based Adhesives
Solvents are solutes – substances that dissolve other substances, creating a liquid solution. Solvent-based adhesives contain polymers in a solution form. Once applied, the solvent evaporates and as it does so, the glue hardens in place to create a bond.
Water-Based Adhesives
Also known as dispersion adhesives, water-based adhesives are supplied either in solution form or as dry powders for mixing with water. When the water evaporates or is absorbed by the surface to which it has been applied, the remaining water-soluble polymers, dispersed by the liquid, coagulate into an adhesive bond.
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Common water-based adhesives include:
- White school glue
- Latex glue
- Starch glue
Polymer-Based Adhesives
Polymer glue is also known as emulsion adhesive. Typically milky-white in colour, it is made from powerful bonding polymers such as polyvinyl acetate (PVA). Polymer-based adhesives are sensitive to heat, melting at certain temperatures and setting again once they have cooled. They are ideal for use when glueing wood.
What Temperature Does Super Glue Melt at?
Once set, the melting point of superglue is 187°C (368°F).
How Strong is Epoxy Resin?
Epoxy resin is a very strong substance. There are varieties available with a flexural strength of as high as 17,500 pounds per square inch (psi). Flexural strength is the resistance of a substance to bending or flexing.
What are Hot Glue Sticks Made of?
Several different polymers are used to make hot glue sticks, with varying strengths and qualities. These include:
- Polyesters
- Ethylene-methyl acrylate (EMA)
- Polyethylene
- Ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA)
Is Hot Glue Waterproof?
No. Not glue will only provide an effective bond for porous materials because the glue hardens and binds within those pores. However, porous materials are, by definition, not waterproof and the bond will weaken once the material is swollen by water. Water also typically lowers the temperatures of materials and this will also encourage the glue to shrink and weaken. Exposure to low temperatures is an effective method for removal.
What Temperature Does Hot Glue Melt at?
Hot glue typically melts at 79.4°C but is normally applied at significantly higher temperatures between 149°C and as high as 288°C.
How Do You Use a Glue Gun on Plastic?
The following steps show how to use a glue gun on plastic:
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- Choose a gun that will take 11-12mm glue sticks with an operating temperature of up to 194°C
- Choose a glue specially formulated for plastics, such as polyolefin
- Inspect the gun, ensuring the nozzle is free from glue residue
- Insert a fresh glue stick into the opening at the back of the gun
- Plug in the gun and wait for it to heat up
- Apply glue sparingly, using light pressure to the trigger, and press the target objects into place
- Wait for the glue to fully dry
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