How to Choose Lithium-ion Battery?

Choosing the correct lithium battery cells is a crucial step in designing an efficient and reliable battery system for your project. With a wide array of options available, it’s essential to carefully evaluate various technical factors to ensure optimal performance, safety, and longevity. In this guide, we’ll break down the key considerations for selecting lithium battery cells, offering clear guidance and practical examples to help you make informed decisions.

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Understanding Capacity and Energy Density

Capacity is the measure of how much electrical charge a battery cell can store, typically measured in ampere-hours (Ah) or milliampere-hours (mAh). To determine the appropriate capacity for your project, consider your energy requirements and runtime expectations.

Energy density represents the amount of energy stored per unit volume or weight. While higher energy density cells can store more energy in a smaller or lighter package, they may come with a higher cost.

• Example: If your project demands a long runtime and space is not a constraint, you might choose battery cells with higher capacity and moderate energy density, such as the NCRGA.

Voltage and Configuration: Matching Your Project’s Needs

Lithium battery cells come in various voltages—typically 3.2V, 3.6V, or 3.7V—depending on the specific lithium chemistry. To select the right voltage, you need to consider your project’s voltage requirements and the configuration of your battery system.

Series Configuration: Increases the total voltage by connecting cells in series.

Parallel Configuration: Increases capacity by connecting cells in parallel.

• Example: For a project requiring a 12V system, you could use four 3.7V lithium cells connected in series to achieve the desired voltage.

Choosing the Right Chemistry

Different lithium battery chemistries offer varying performance characteristics, cycle life, and safety features. Common chemistries include:

• Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LiCoO2)
• Lithium Iron Phosphate (LiFePO4)
• Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC)
• Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminum Oxide (NCA)

When choosing the chemistry, consider factors like energy density, discharge rate, temperature range, and safety. If you’re debating between lithium-ion and lithium-polymer batteries, our article on the benefits of lithium-Ion batteries over lithium-polymer batteries provides an in-depth comparison that might help clarify your decision.

• Example: If your project requires high discharge rates, LiFePO4 cells are a solid choice due to their excellent thermal stability and robust safety profile.

Discharge Rate and Pulse Performance

The discharge rate indicates how much current a battery can provide continuously or in bursts. It’s vital to ensure that the battery cells can handle your project’s current demands without sacrificing performance or longevity.

• Example: For projects involving power-hungry devices that need high current bursts, select cells with strong pulse discharge capabilities, like the INR-30Q.

Cycle Life and Longevity: Planning for the Long Term

Cycle life refers to the number of charge-discharge cycles a battery can undergo before its capacity significantly diminishes. If your project involves frequent use and requires a long lifespan, opt for cells with a high cycle life.

• Example: For long-term projects with frequent charging cycles, consider cells like the LG MJ1 or Samsung 35E, known for their high cycle life.

Environmental Considerations and Temperature Management

Lithium battery performance can vary significantly with changes in temperature. High temperatures can accelerate degradation, while low temperatures can reduce the available capacity. If your project operates in extreme conditions, consider cells designed for high or low-temperature performance, and explore temperature management solutions like passive or active cooling systems. For a deeper dive into how extreme weather conditions can affect battery performance, check out our article on battery weather characteristics.

Prioritizing Safety Features and Certification

Safety should always be a top priority when selecting battery cells. Look for cells equipped with built-in safety features, such as:

• Overcharge protection
• Over-discharge protection
• Short-circuit protection
• Temperature monitoring

Additionally, ensure that the cells comply with relevant safety certifications like UL or IEC to minimize the risk of accidents.

• Example: Cells that meet certifications like UL or IEC provide extra confidence in the safety and durability of your battery system.

Size and Form Factor: Fitting Your Design Constraints

Consider the physical size and form factor of the battery cells to ensure they fit seamlessly into your project’s battery pack or system. Measure the available space and any weight restrictions before making your choice.

• Example: For a compact battery pack, cells like the or , known for their small form factor, would be ideal.

Supplier Reputation and Support: Ensuring Quality and Reliability

Choosing a reputable supplier is essential for sourcing high-quality lithium battery cells. Research suppliers by looking at their track record, customer reviews, and their ability to provide technical support and after-sales service.

• Example: Opt for suppliers with a proven industry reputation, positive customer feedback, and responsive technical support to ensure a smooth and reliable procurement process.

Custom Battery Pack Design and Prototyping

If your project requires a unique battery solution, custom battery pack design might be the answer. When designing a custom pack, it’s crucial to consider factors such as cell selection, thermal management, and physical layout. Prototyping plays a vital role in this process, allowing for the testing and refinement of the design before moving to full-scale production.

At Dan-Tech Energy, we focus on creating battery packs that meet the exact needs of your project. Our approach involves close collaboration with you to develop and prototype designs that ensure your battery system is both efficient and reliable, tailored to your specific requirements.

Ready to get started? Submit your battery pack specifications via Toolbox and we’ll work together with you to develop a custom-designed battery pack to fit your exact requirements.

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Conclusion: Setting the Foundation for Success

Selecting the right lithium battery cells for your project is a decision that will significantly impact your battery system’s performance, safety, and longevity. By considering factors like capacity, voltage, chemistry, discharge rate, cycle life, safety features, size, and supplier reputation, you can make informed choices that align with your project’s specific needs.

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Lithium batteries are more popular today than ever before. You’ll find them in your cell , laptop computer, cordless power tools, and even electric vehicles. However, just because all of these electronics use lithium batteries doesn’t mean they use the same type of lithium batteries. We’ll take a closer look at the six main types of lithium batteries pros and cons, as well as the best applications for each.

What Is A Lithium Battery?

Lithium batteries rely on lithium ions to store energy by creating an electrical potential difference between the negative and positive poles of the battery. An insulating layer called a “separator” divides the two sides of the battery and blocks the electrons while still allowing the lithium ions to pass through.

During the charging phase, lithium ions move from the positive side of the battery to the negative side through the separator. While you discharge the battery, the ions move in the reverse direction.

This movement of lithium ions causes the electrical potential difference mentioned before. This electrical potential difference is called “voltage.” When you connect your electronics to a lithium battery, the electrons which are blocked by the separator are forced to pass through your device and power it.

What Are The 6 Main Types Of Lithium Batteries?

Different types of lithium batteries rely on unique active materials and chemical reactions to store energy. Each type of lithium battery has its benefits and drawbacks, along with its best-suited applications.

The different lithium battery types get their names from their active materials. For example, the first type we will look at is the lithium iron phosphate battery, also known as LiFePO4, based on the chemical symbols for the active materials. However, many people shorten the name further to simply LFP.

#1. Lithium Iron Phosphate

Lithium iron phosphate (LFP) batteries use phosphate as the cathode material and a graphitic carbon electrode as the anode. LFP batteries have a long life cycle with good thermal stability and electrochemical performance.

What Are They Used For:

LFP battery cells have a nominal voltage of 3.2 volts, so connecting four of them in series results in a 12.8-volt battery. This makes LFP batteries the most common type of lithium battery for replacing lead-acid deep-cycle batteries.

Benefits:

There are quite a few benefits to lithium iron phosphate batteries that make them one of the most popular options for applications requiring a large amount of power. The primary benefits, however, are durability, a long life cycle, and safety.

LFP batteries typically have a lifecycle rating of 2,000 cycles or more. Unlike lead-acid batteries, depth of discharge has a minimal impact on the lifespan of LFP batteries. Most LFP manufacturers rate their batteries at 80% depth of discharge, and some even allow 100% discharging without damaging the battery.

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The materials used in lithium iron phosphate batteries offer low resistance, making them inherently safe and highly stable. The thermal runaway threshold is about 518 degrees Fahrenheit, making LFP batteries one of the safest lithium battery options, even when fully charged.

Drawbacks:

There are a few drawbacks to LFP batteries. The first is that compared to other lithium battery types, they have a relatively low specific energy. Their performance can also suffer in low temperatures. Combining the low specific energy and reduced performance in cold temperatures means LFP batteries may not be a great fit in some high cranking applications.

#2. Lithium Cobalt Oxide

Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) batteries have high specific energy but low specific power. This means that they do not perform well in high-load applications, but they can deliver power over a long period.

What Are They Used For:

LCO batteries were common in small portable electronics such as mobile phones, tablets, laptops, and cameras. However, they are losing popularity to other types of lithium batteries due to the high cost of cobalt and concerns around safety.

Benefits:

The key benefit to LCO batteries is their high specific energy. This allows them to deliver power over a relatively long period under low-load applications.

Drawbacks:

LCO batteries have some significant drawbacks resulting in them becoming less popular in recent years. First, LCO batteries suffer from a relatively short lifespan, usually between 500-1,000 cycles. Additionally, cobalt is fairly expensive. Expensive batteries that don’t last a long time are not cost-effective.

LCO batteries also have low thermal stability, which leads to safety concerns. Furthermore, their low specific power limits the ability of LCO batteries to perform in high-load applications.

#3. Lithium Manganese Oxide

Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO) batteries use lithium manganese oxide as the cathode material. This chemistry creates a three-dimensional structure that improves ion flow, lowers internal resistance, and increases current handling while improving thermal stability and safety.

What Are They Used For:

LMO batteries are commonly found in portable power tools, medical instruments, and some hybrid and electric vehicles.

Benefits:

LMO batteries charge quickly and offer high specific power. This means they can deliver higher current than LCO batteries, for example. They also offer better thermal stability than LCO batteries, meaning they can operate safely at higher temperatures.

One other benefit to LMO batteries is their flexibility. Tuning the internal chemistry allows LMO batteries to be optimized to handle high-load applications or long-life applications.

Drawbacks:

The main downside to LMO batteries is their short lifespan. Typically, LMO batteries will last 300-700 charge cycles, significantly fewer than other lithium battery types.

#4. Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide

Lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) batteries combine the benefits of the three main elements used in the cathode: nickel, manganese, and cobalt. Nickel on its own has high specific energy but is not stable. Manganese is exceptionally stable but has a low specific energy. Combining them yields a stable chemistry with a high specific energy.

What They Are Used For:

Similar to LMO batteries, NMC batteries are popular in power tools as well as electronic powertrains for e-bike, scooters, and some electric vehicles.

Benefits:

The benefits of NMC batteries include high energy density and a longer lifecycle at a lower cost than cobalt-based batteries. They also have higher thermal stability than LCO batteries, making them safer overall.

Drawbacks:

The major drawback to NMC batteries is that they have a slightly lower voltage than cobalt-based batteries.

#5. Lithium Nickel Cobalt Aluminium Oxide

Lithium nickel cobalt aluminum oxide (NCA) batteries offer high specific energy with decent specific power and a long lifecycle. This means they can deliver a relatively high amount of current for extended periods.

What They Are Used For:

The ability to perform in high-load applications with a long battery life makes NCA batteries popular in the electric vehicle market. Specifically, NCA is the battery of choice for Tesla.

Benefits:

The biggest benefits of NCA batteries are high energy and a decent lifespan.

Drawbacks:

With NCA technology, the batteries aren’t as safe as most other lithium technologies and are expensive in comparison.

#6. Lithium Titanate

All of the previous lithium battery types we have discussed are unique in the chemical makeup of the cathode material. Lithium titanate (LTO) batteries replace the graphite in the anode with lithium titanate and use LMO or NMC as the cathode chemistry.

The result is an extremely safe battery with a long lifespan that charges faster than any other lithium battery type.

What Are They Used For:

Many applications use LTO batteries. Electric vehicles and charging stations, uninterrupted power supplies, wind and solar energy storage, solar street lights, telecommunications systems, and aerospace and military equipment are just some of the use cases.

Benefits:

LTO batteries offer many benefits, including fast charging, an extremely wide operating temperature, a long lifespan, and superb safety because of their stability.

Drawbacks:

There are a couple of significant hurdles for LTO batteries to overcome. They offer low energy density, which means it stores a lower amount of energy relative to its weight when compared to some other lithium technologies. Additionally, they are very expensive.

Do All Types of Batteries Use Lithium?

No, not all batteries use lithium. Lithium batteries are relatively new and are becoming increasingly popular in replacing existing battery technologies.

One of the long-time standards in batteries, especially in motor vehicles, is lead-acid deep-cycle batteries. Lithium has quickly gained ground in this market in recent years, but lead-acid is still the primary choice in gas-powered motor vehicles due to the low upfront cost.

Additionally, the most common types of off-the-shelf batteries found in stores are alkaline batteries. Most of the AA and AAA batteries in use today are alkaline batteries that use zinc and manganese dioxide for the chemical reaction to store energy.

Before rechargeable lithium batteries gained popularity, most rechargeable batteries were nickel-cadmium (NiCad). NiCad batteries use nickel oxide hydroxide and metallic cadmium as electrode materials. While not entirely obsolete yet, NiCad batteries are becoming less popular as lithium batteries take over the rechargeable battery market.

What’s The Most Common Type of Lithium Battery?

Lithium cobalt oxide (LCO) batteries are used in cell phones, laptops, tablets, digital cameras, and many other consumer-facing devices. It should be of no surprise then that they are the most common type of lithium battery.

Choose The Right Lithium Battery For Your Job

As you can see, there are many different types of lithium batteries. Each one has pros and cons and various specific applications they excel in. Your application, budget, safety tolerance, and power requirements will determine which lithium battery type is best for you.

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