Cryogenic Tank Safety

Liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen and liquid argon are cryogenic liquids. Their boiling temperatures are:

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• Liquid Oxygen -297.3°F | -183°C
• Liquid Nitrogen -320.4°F | -195.8°C
• Liquid Argon -302.6°F | -185.9°C

The sublimation point of Liquid CO2 is -109.3°F | -78.5°C.

To minimize heat transfer and sustain very low temperatures, the storage vessel must be specially designed. Storage vessels for liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen and liquid argon are commercially available in various capacities from 350 to 13,000 U.S. gallons (1,325 to 49,210 liters) water capacity. The storage vessels may be either vertical, spherical, or horizontal depending on the site and consumption requirements for Cryogenic Bulk Tanks.

Cryogenic liquids storage vessels have three basic components:

1. Inner Pressure Vessel
   A vessel usually made of stainless steel or other materials that have favorable strength characteristics when exposed to cryogenic temperatures.


2. Outer Vessel
   A vessel made of carbon steel or stainless steel. Under normal operating conditions, this vessel retains the insulation around the inner pressure vessel, and can also maintain a vacuum around the inner vessel. Typically, the outer vessel is not exposed to cryogenic temperatures.


3. Insulation
   The space between the inner and outer vessel, containing several inches of insulating material maintained in a vacuum. The vacuum and insulating material help to reduce heat transfer and thereby reduce the boil-off of the liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen or liquid argon stored within the vessel.

The inner vessel of the storage tank is typically designed to sustain a maximum allowable working pressure of 250 psig ( kPa). Vessels may be fabricated for higher or lower working pressures and special applications. The service pressure of the vessel is adjustable.

Caution: Storage Facility Maintenance

Only authorized and trained personnel should maintain and operate the liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen or liquid argon storage facility and its components. Safety concerns should be reported immediately.

General Safety Rules for Liquid Oxygen, Liquid Nitrogen and Liquid Argon

The following are general safe handling rules for liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen and liquid argon:

• Do not store liquid oxygen, liquid nitrogen or liquid argon in confined spaces or poorly ventilated areas.
• Ensure that cryogenic liquids are handled only by persons instructed in the properties of the material and in the proper procedures for handling it.
• Ensure that all piping in which cryogenic liquids could be trapped between two valves and receptacles is equipped with pressure relief valves that are piped to properly designed vents.
• vDo not smoke or create sparks near liquid oxygen equipment and tanks. Do not approach liquid oxygen tanks with an open flame.

Cryo Station Layout

Cryogenic Storage Tank Specifications - Oxygen, Nitrogen and Argon

CharacteristicsTM-500TM-900TM-TM-TM-TM-TM-Gross Volume (gal),,,,,290Net Capacity (gal),,,,,040Oxygen (cft)61,,,,,,024,,266,100Nitrogen (cft)49,,,,,,,024,200Argon (cft)59,,,,,,001,,237,500Maximum Working Pressure Liquid Container (psig)Weight (lb)Tank Empty5,,,,,,,000Filled Oxygen10,,,,,,,000Filled Nitrogen9,,,,,,,000Filled Argon11,,,,,,,000DimensionsDiameter (in)Height (ft-in)15-615-915-916-025-927--7

Cryogenic Storage Tank Specifications - Carbon Dioxide - Horizontal

Characteristics6 Ton12 Ton14 Ton26 Ton34 Ton54 TonNet Volume (tons)Maximum Working Pressure (psig)WeightEmpty12,,,,,,000Filled24,,,,,,000DimensionsDiameter (in)Height (ft-in)15-022-015-331-032-048-5

Cryogenic Storage Tank Specifications - Carbon Dioxide - Vertical

Characteristics14 Ton30 Ton50 TonNet Volume (tons)Maximum Working Pressure (psig)Weight (lbs)Empty15,,,000Filled43,,,000DimensionsDiameter (in)Height (ft-in)20-425-339-6

With Cryomed cryosaunas, you have two options for liquid nitrogen storage and feed ' non-pressurized Dewar containers or larger pressurized cryogenic tanks. In most cases, they are not interchangeable. Therefore, before buying a cryosauna, it is crucial to choose the type most suitable for your needs.

What is a Dewar? 

A cryo Dewar is a two-walled vacuum flask capable of keeping a relatively constant temperature of a cryogenic liquid over a long period. Design-wise, Dewars are big thermos bottles with loose-fitting caps. 

Cryogenic Dewars are a good fit for cryotherapy centers with low to moderate customer flow. As a rule, Cryomed's open-top cryosaunas come with two 35-liter non-pressurized tanks or, optionally, with two 50-liter tanks. If you expect more than ten cryo-goers daily, you might want to opt for pressurized cryogenic liquid cylinders. 

Cryosauna Cryomed Pro (Dewar type)

What is a cryogenic
storage cylinder?

Cryosauna Cyomed Pro Ultra (pressurized tank type)

A liquid nitrogen cylinder is a pressurized vacuum-jacketed tank. It features valves for refilling and withdrawing liquid nitrogen, a pressure release valve and a pressure indicator for safety. In addition, a cylinder is fitted with a float level gauge to control the liquid nitrogen consumption. 

Cryogenic Dewars vs. pressurized cryogenic storage tanks 

Though both tanks serve the same purpose, non-pressurized Dewars and pressurized liquid nitrogen cylinders differ from each other in: 

Size

Non-pressurized Dewar tanks are smaller and easier to handle. In Cryomed Pro or Cryomed Basic, a cryo Dewar is rolled into the cryosauna. In smaller models, like Cryomed One or Cryomed Mini, a Dewar sits next to the device.  When not in use, Dewars can be stored in a utility room.

A pressurized cryo cylinder always stays outside a cryosauna. In smaller premises, a tank can sit in another room or even outside the building. The cryotherapy machine and the tank are linked by a standard two-meter cryogenic hose.  However, Cryomed's team can always find a suitable solution for your location, so feel free to reach out.

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Weight

A 35-liter Dewar container weighs 17 kg when empty and comes with a wheeled platform, making it easy to move. In some countries, you can put it in your car and get it refilled at your supplier's. However, in the majority of cases, such tanks get refilled at your place from a specialized truck. 

Pressurized tanks are heavier and more large-sized. They are always refilled or replaced with a full tank at your place. Make sure to consult your supplier about any restrictions linked to your location in advance. If your business is on the 3rd floor in an old high-rise building without a heavy-duty elevator, Dewars may be a safer bet.

Evaporation rate

Pressurized tanks have a higher evaporation rate than non-pressurized cryo Dewars. In addition, nitrogen gets lost along the hose and on the junctions between the valve and the hose and between the tank and the hose. However, with a high customer flow, this loss is negligible.

For reference, pressurized tanks evaporate 2 to 5% of their capacity, depending on the manufacturer. Non-pressurized Dewars used by Cryomed  evaporate 0.5% of their capacity. 

Usually, manufacturers estimate the evaporation rate conservatively. The most reliable way to assess holding time is to track actual daily weight changes. Used cryo tanks have a higher evaporation rate.

Price

Liquid nitrogen cylinders are expensive. Their  price tag can easily reach up to several thousand euros, depending on their capacity and manufacturer. That's why many cryopreneurs prefer renting cryo cylinders from local nitrogen suppliers.

A Dewar costs between 1,000 EUR and 1,500 EUR. Depending on your customer flow and nitrogen supply terms, you might need to buy more Dewars in addition to the two tanks you get together with a cryosauna. 

Number of sessions

As nitrogen consumption affects the number of sessions you can get out of your cryogenic container and, eventually, the session cost, there are a couple of things to bear in mind. 

Consumption of liquid nitrogen in cryogenic tanks depends on:

• The session time (1.5 to 3 minutes).
• The session temperature (for a first-timer, the operator can choose -110'; for a veteran user, -150'). 

You can save nitrogen by scheduling sessions one by one with no more than 10-minute gaps in between.

• The evaporation rate from liquid nitrogen tanks. The higher the room temperature, the more nitrogen you lose daily. 

That is why the number of sessions you can get from one cryogenic container is tentative. 

Standard non-pressurized Dewar tanks have a 35-liter capacity, sufficient for one cooling and up to 8 treatment sessions. It is a good choice if you expect up to ten customers per day or buy a cryosauna for home use.

Pressurized tanks vary in capacity from 100 to 5,000 liters, but the most usual option is 240 liters. Out of a 240-liter tank, you can have some 60 sessions.

A cryogenic liquid cylinder is a convenient and cost-effective option that does not require frequent refills. It is most suitable for businesses with high customer flow, like a gym, a spa, or a clinic.

How to choose between a Dewar and a nitrogen tank?

Now that you are clued in on the two types of cryogenic vessels, let's see how to make the best choice. 

Dewar vs pressurized tank ' which to choose?

• The expected number of daily sessions is decisive. The higher the customer flow, the more nitrogen you need. In this case, pressurized nitrogen tanks are a more convenient option. Cryogenic Dewars are suitable for cryopreneurs with up to 10 customers a day. 

• Access to your cryotherapy treatment room is the second most important factor.  With stairs or high floors with no elevator Dewars are a more viable solution. A flight of two or three stairs can be covered with a board you can roll the tank over, but anything higher makes the delivery of a pressurized tank impossible. 

• Another factor to consider is the rental and delivery fee for cryogenic liquid cylinders in your area. Situations may be different. 
  • A supplier may refuse to sell small batches or refill non-pressurized tanks, so you will have to rent bulk cryogenic containers, notwithstanding the low customer flow in your cryo center.
  • A supplier may be located too far and, therefore, charge high delivery fees. In this case, it may be cheaper to rent a cryo cylinder, which does not require frequent refills. 

That's why it is crucial to find a local liquid nitrogen supplier and clarify their pricing and supply terms before you buy a cryosauna. 

• Legal regulations in your country may restrict the use of large-volume cryo cylinders. For example, Italy and Switzerland require a powerful supply-and-exhaust ventilation system in the cryotherapy treatment premises, which may cost over 10,000 EUR to install. This forces the majority of cryopreneurs to opt for a Dewar-based cryosauna instead.  

Both types of cryogenic containers have their pros and cons. Our sales department is always happy to make your choice easier based on our extensive experience. Give us a ring or drop us a message on ! 

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